1. Mizu Yakale

Alawite amachokera kumayiko omwe anthu amakhalamo kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, kuyambira ku Hadhramaut Plain kum'mwera kwa Arabia mpaka ku mapiri a Antiochian kumpoto kwa Syria ndi ku mapiri a Sinjar kumpoto kwa Iraq. Chiyambi chawo—mosasamala kanthu za mafuko awo osiyanasiyana—chinakhazikika kwambiri mu chikhalidwe chachi Syria.

• Kalendala ya ChisiriyaAmadalira pa chomwe chimadziwika kuti “Chaka cha Kulengedwa kwa Dziko Lapansi” cha ku Syria, chomwe lero, mu 2025 AD, chikufanana ndi chaka cha 6775 malinga ndi kalendala iyi, ndipo amakondwerera zochitika zake ndikulemba masiku awo pakati pa masamba a zolembedwa pamanja.
• Chilankhulo ndi katchulidweAmbiri a iwo anagwiritsa ntchito mawu achi Syriac ndi Chiaramu m'chinenero chawo cha tsiku ndi tsiku, chomwe ndi chilankhulo chomwe Yesu Khristu ankalankhula.

---

Mizu yakale ya chikhalidwe

• Chitukuko cha ku Ugarit (Ku Ras Shamra, kumpoto kwa Syria), komwe kunapezeka miyala yakale kwambiri ya cuneiform yomwe inali ndi nkhani zokhudza milungu ndi miyambo.
• Ababulo ndi Asuri Ku Mesopotamiya, ndi nkhani zake zolengedwa ndi ulamuliro, malamulo oyamba adapangidwa.
• Foinike Pagombe la Siriya ndi Lebanon, komwe Afoinike anali akatswiri pa kayendetsedwe ka maulendo ndi kupanga zilembo.
• اليونانية القديمة Kuchokera ku Atene, kudutsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya ku Suriya, mpaka kugombe la Aigupto ku Alexandria, komwe akatswiri afilosofi monga Socrates, Plato, ndi Aristotle adakhazikitsa maziko a nzeru ndi kufufuza mwanzeru.

Kusakaniza mitundu ndi zilankhulo

• Ambiri mwa Alawite ndi ochokera ku Alawite Chisiriya Iwo ankalankhula chilankhulo cha kumadzulo kwa Syriac, chomwe chimadziwika kuti Mu Chiaramu Mayina a midzi ya Alawite akadali m'Chisiriya ndipo alibe chiyambi m'zilankhulo zina.
• Zina zomwe zinachokera Chikurdi Kuchokera kudera la Sinjar.
• Gulu lachitatu la Zosangalatsa A Ghassanid, monga katswiri wafilosofi Imad al-Din al-Ghassani, ndi ena omwe anakhazikika m'derali Chisilamu chisanayambe, monga Jabalah ibn al-Ayham.

2. Njira yasayansi yopatulika

Alawite akukweza mbendera kufika pamlingo wolambira:

• Zolemba ZolembaFiziki, yomwe imatanthauzira malamulo a chilengedwe; chemistry, yomwe imavumbula zinsinsi za machitidwe; masamu, omwe amalamulira malamulo a chilengedwe; ndi zakuthambo, zomwe zimawona mayendedwe a zinthu zakuthambo ...
• الفلسفة الوجوديةLimafotokoza za ubale wa munthu ndi chilengedwe chonse ndi zosaoneka, ndipo limapereka kufunika kwa kudziganizira wekha komanso kuganizira za m'maganizo.
  Iwo sayeretsa malemba achipembedzo m'njira yoti apezeke, koma amafufuza mfundo zake ndi ubale wake ndi sayansi ndi zenizeni.

---

3. Ubale ndi miyambo

Amaona miyambo ngati zinthu zosafunikira kwenikweni zomwe zimathandizira chidziwitso, osati cholowa m'malo mwake:

• Alibe pemphero la gulu lokhazikika.
• Madzi, makandulo, kapena nyimbo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zizindikiro zothandizira kuganizira za m'maganizo ndi zauzimu, koma sizimaonedwa ngati mapeto mwa izo zokha, koma ngati njira yopumulira ndi kusinkhasinkha.

---

4. Mzimu wololera ndi wotseguka

Ulemu wawo sunali wokhawo wa Agiriki ndi Asuriya; analandiranso nzeru zazikulu:

• Chizoroaster Muwiri wa chabwino ndi choipa,
• chithunzi Mu lingaliro lopanda chiwawa ndi kuganizira,
• Chihindu Mu lingaliro la umodzi wa kukhalapo.

Amaphatikiza chidziwitso ichi ndi cholowa cha Abrahamu kuti apange masomphenya athunthu a dziko lapansi ndi anthu.
Amaona chidziwitso chonse chachitukuko ngati "chiwonetsero cha chifuniro cha malingaliro a munthu" komanso "njira yopita kumvetsetsa mwakuya za umunthu ndi chilengedwe."

1. Chipembedzo cha Mulungu m'modzi ndi umodzi wa mauthenga

Alawite amaphunzitsa kuti mauthenga akumwamba (Chiyuda, Chikhristu, ndi Chisilamu) onse amachokera ku gwero limodzi, lomwe ndi kuitana kwa Abrahamu kuti akhulupirire Mulungu m'modzi yekha.

• Chofunika ndi chimodziUthenga waukulu ndi kulambira Mulungu mmodzi, ndi kuletsa kupembedza milungu yambiri ndi kulambira mafano.
• Kusiyana kwake ndi mwamboAyuda amasiyana pa kuwerenga kwawo Torah, Akristu amasiyana pa chinsinsi cha mgonero ndi mtanda, ndi Asilamu pa mapemphero asanu a tsiku ndi tsiku ndi ulendo wopita ku ulendo, koma zonsezi - malinga ndi Alawites - sizikhudza maziko a chikhulupiriro.

---

2. Maganizo awo pa Chiyuda

• Amaona mkati Tora Buku la malangizo ofunikira lomwe linaperekedwa kudzera m'malilime a aneneri: Nowa, Abrahamu, ndi Mose, mtendere ukhale pa iwo.
• Ulemu wonse Mneneri Mose ndi munthu wofunika kwambiri pa mgwirizano wa Chiyuda, ndipo malingaliro ake okhudza chilungamo ndi malamulo ndi olimbikitsa.
• Amakhulupirira kuti matanthauzo achilendo Nkhani zina mu Torah zimaphatikizidwa ndi maphunziro a filosofi ndi malingaliro, kotero sizimakhutira ndi kutanthauzira kwenikweni koma zimafunafuna nzeru zakuya.

---

3. Maganizo awo pa Chikhristu

• Alawite amalemekezedwa ndi kuyeretsedwa mesiya Amamuona ngati chitsanzo cha mphamvu zaumulungu, ndipo palibe wina aliyense amene ali wofanana ndi chiyero cha Khristu pakati pa Alawites.
• Chilankhulo cha Chisiriya Iwo ali ndi phindu lalikulu pa izi, chifukwa Khristu anazilankhula, ndipo malemba ena a Uthenga Wabwino amawerengedwa m'miyambo yawo.
• Amakondwerera Khirisimasi و Kukumbukira oyera mtima monga Saint George ndi Saint Barbara Ndipo nthawi zambiri zachikhristu.

---

4. Maonekedwe a Alawite a Mneneri Muhammad

• Amaona Mneneri Muhammad, Mtumiki wa Chisilamu, ngati njira yowonjezera ya chipembedzo cha Mulungu m'modzi, osati wopanga chiphunzitso chatsopano, koma kukwaniritsidwa kwa aneneri omwe adamutsogolera.
• Muhammad anabwera makamaka Kwa anthu achikunja a ku Arabia PeninsulaChidziwitso cha Mulungu mmodzi sichinawafikire monga momwe chinalili mu Levant.
• Amalumikiza ziphunzitso zake ndi ziphunzitso za Mose ndi Yesu, ndipo amafotokoza kusiyana kwa Sharia malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili panthawiyo komanso malo, osati chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chosasinthika.

---

5. Mwambo vs. Essence

• miyambo yachipembedzo (Pemphero, kusala kudya, ndi zina zotero) Amaona zimenezi ngati zida zothandizira kulumikizana ndi Mulungu, ndipo samaziona ngati zopanda nzeru.
• Kapangidwe ka maganizo Chofunika kwambiri: kuwerenga koganizira bwino, kufufuza za filosofi, kulumikizana komveka bwino pakati pa zolemba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito.
• Amakana kuletsa chipembedzo kuchita miyambo yovomerezeka, ndipo amagogomezera kuti Sayansi ndi maganizo Ndiwo njira yopezera chidziwitso chenicheni.

---

6. Mkanganowu ndi wandale, osati wachipembedzo.

Akufotokoza kuti kusagwirizana ndi magawano omwe adachitika pakati pa otsatira zipembedzo zitatuzi sikunali chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro, koma m'malo mwake panali mikangano yandale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu :

• Kuyang'anira ulamuliro
• Kugawa chuma
• Zokonda za mafuko ndi dziko

---

2. Mfundo ya ufulu wosankha

• Alawite amakhulupirira kwambiri kuti Ufulu wa munthu ndi waufulu.Munthu aliyense ali ndi nzeru zake ndi njira yake yofunira kuunika kwa Mulungu.
• Kutsimikiza kumeneku kumachokera ku kumvetsetsa kwawo kwakukulu mfundo za Mulungu m'modzi yekha ndi tanthauzo la mayeso, komwe sikoyenera kuti munthu apemphedwe kuchita chinthu chotsutsana ndi chisankho chake kapena kukhala ndi chikhulupiriro china chake chokakamizidwa.

---

3. Kuletsa kukakamiza m'chipembedzo

• Alawites amanena mawu a Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse akuti: “Palibe kukakamiza m’chipembedzo” (Surat Al-Baqarah: 256).
• Amatanthauzira zauzimu ndi mwanzeru: kuti kulandira chipembedzo kumachitika kokha kudzera mu kukhutitsidwa kwamkati ndi kumvetsetsa bwino, osati kudzera mu kumvera mwachizolowezi pansi pa chiwopsezo kapena chilango.

---

4. Kulekanitsa chipembedzo ndi ndale

• Alawite amasiyanitsa pakati pa Cholinga cha uthengawu Mmenemo aneneri ali ndi udindo woitanira anthu kulambira, komanso pakati pa Ulamuliro wandale Zimene zinatenga ulamuliro wa makina ogonjetsa pambuyo pa nthawi ya Mneneri.
• Amakhulupirira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito chipembedzo ngati chida chogonjetsera kapena kukulitsa kunali kupotoka kuchokera ku cholinga choyambirira: kufalitsa mtendere ndi chifundo.

---

5. Maphunziro kwa Mibadwo Yapamwamba

Ufulu wa anthu : kusunga zikhalidwe zawo, zilankhulo zawo, ndi mbiri yawo, ngakhale pomanga mayiko akuluakulu.

Kulekerera zipembedzo : Kulemekeza zikhulupiriro za ena ndi ufulu wawo wosankha.

Njira yomveka bwino : Kupereka umboni ndi mfundo musanatsimikizire lingaliro lililonse.

Kuchokera ku lingaliro la Alawite, nkhani ya Ali siiyamba ngati khalifa kapena mtsogoleri wa dziko, koma monga katswiri wa zilankhulo, wafilosofi, ndi woweruza ; munthu amene anaphatikiza kulankhula bwino, kulingalira, ndi chilungamo, ndikupanga ntchito yanzeru yomwe ikupitirirabe mpaka lero.

---

1. Kuchokera ku Chilankhulo Cholankhula ndi Kulankhula Kupita ku Filosofi

Ali akuyamikiridwa kuti ndi wodziwa bwino zinsinsi za chilankhulo cha Chiarabu, monga momwe Aristotle akuyamikiridwa kuti ndi wodziwa bwino mfundo za Chigiriki. Maulaliki ake ndi mawu ake amafalitsidwa m'magulu a Alawite monga zitsanzo za chilankhulo zomwe zimaphunzitsa momwe angasinthire mawu kukhala zida zovumbulutsira zinsinsi za kukhalapo. Chilakolako ichi cha chilankhulo, kwa Alawite, chinali chipata cholowera ku filosofi yozama yomwe imafufuza "tanthauzo la tanthauzo," osati tanthauzo lenileni la mawu.

---

2. Chipata cha Mzinda wa Chidziwitso

Ali amatchedwa "Chipata cha Mzinda wa Chidziwitso ," kutanthauza kuti ulendo uliwonse wopita ku nzeru zachinsinsi umadutsa mwa iye. Mu chithunzichi, Ali akukumana ndi chithunzi cha mtsogoleri wanzeru mu miyambo ya Chisiriya ndi Chigiriki: amanyamula nyali ya chidziwitso kuti atsogolere ophunzira kuchokera ku mdima wa kufalitsa kwenikweni kupita ku kuwala kwa umboni womveka bwino.

---

3. Kuwala ndi Chinsinsi

Alawite amaona Ali ngati wonyamula "kuunika kosatha" komwe kunachitika kale. Kuunika kumeneku si "ulemu" m'lingaliro lachikhalidwe, koma mphamvu yomvetsetsa yomwe imatha kuwulula ubale wobisika pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe chonse. Motero, miyambo imafotokozedwa za malingaliro ake pa kayendedwe ka zinthu zakuthambo ndi "chinsinsi cha kalata" chomwe chimagwirizanitsa chilankhulo ndi kukhalapo.

---

4. Kukhazikitsa magulu ophunzirira ndi masukulu

Pamodzi ndi ana ake aamuna khumi ndi awiri ndi zidzukulu zake, adakhazikitsa gulu la anthu ophunzirira komanso masukulu achinsinsi ku Kufa, Damascus, ndi Aleppo. Kumeneko, nzeru zachi Greek zinaphunzitsidwa, zolemba zachi Syriac zinasonkhanitsidwa, ndipo masamu aku India anaphatikizidwa ndi ma algorithms achi Arabic. Masukulu amenewa adapanga maziko a chitukuko cha sayansi, chomwe chinapereka kupita patsogolo mu zamankhwala, zakuthambo, ndi uinjiniya.

---

5. Woweruza wolungama ndi njira yake yolingalira bwino

Pamene adatenga udindo wa oweruza milandu, Ali adasakaniza malingaliro amalamulo aku Babulo ndi mzimu wa nzeru za makhalidwe abwino. Zigamulo zake zatchulidwa ndi Alawite ngati chitsanzo cha chilungamo chokhazikika : chiweruzo chosagonjera mphamvu ya wolamulira kapena zofuna za anthu ambiri, koma muyezo womveka bwino womwe umatsatira chifukwa ndi mizu ya kusalungama kuti zichotsedwe.

---

6. Kusalakwitsa ngati ungwiro wa nzeru

Lingaliro la kusalakwitsa apa silikungokhala chitetezo ku zolakwika m'malamulo; ndi ungwiro mu kuthekera kosiyanitsa pakati pa mkangano weniweni ndi bodza lobisika. Chifukwa chake, Ali akuonetsedwa ngati chitsanzo cha munthu amene amagwiritsa ntchito chifukwa chofuna kumasulidwa, osati kuvomereza mwachimbulimbuli, motero akutsogolera otsatira ake ku kukayikira kwabwino asanakhulupirire.

---

7. Cholowa chomwe chimaposa nthawi

Njira yake inapitiriza kupititsa patsogolo kayendetsedwe ka sayansi m'mibadwo yonse: omaliza maphunziro a masukulu a Alawite anabweretsa nzeru ku Nyumba za Nzeru, anayambitsa chiyambi cha Renaissance, ndipo pambuyo pake anayambitsa kukambirana ndi filosofi ya Chilatini. Nthawi iliyonse, Ali amawoneka ngati chizindikiro cha maganizo osakakamizidwa ndi nthawi kapena sukulu iliyonse ya maganizo.

---

Sukulu yapamwamba mu nthawi yagolide: netiweki ya chidziwitso chomwe chinapindulitsa gawo lililonse

Sukulu ya Alawite—monga njira yayikulu kwambiri yopitira ku "Mzinda wa Chidziwitso" yomwe Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib adatsegula—imagwirizana ndi cholowa chachikulu cha nzeru chomwe chimadutsa malire a magulu ndi malo. Izi ndi chidule chogwirizana cha anthu otchuka a nthawi imeneyo, monga momwe zasungidwira mu miyambo ya Alawite, yokonzedwa malinga ndi magawo awo apadera, ponena kuti anali mbadwa za Amamamu, ophunzira a ophunzira awo, kapena ogwirizana ndi nzeru zawo ndi njira yawo yanzeru.

---

1. Mankhwala ndi Mankhwala a Zamankhwala

• Jabir ibn Hayyan – “Bambo wa chemistry” komanso woyambitsa toxicology ndi anatomy yoyesera.
• Ali ibn al-Abbas Ahwazi – Mwiniwake Makampani onse azachipatala.
• Abu Bakr al-Razi - Woyambitsa magulu a matenda ndipo woyamba kusiyanitsa pakati pa nthomba ndi chikuku.
• Ibn Sina - Putter Lamulo mu Zamankhwala Ndipo wopanga lingaliro la matenda.
• Al-Zahrawi - Woyambitsa opaleshoni ndi zida zochitira opaleshoni molondola.
• Ibn al-Nafis - Wofufuza za kayendedwe ka magazi m'mapapo.

2. Fiziki ndi Kuunikira

• Al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham - Mainjiniya wa njira yoyesera komanso mwiniwake Buku la Optics.
• Abu Rayhan al-Biruni - Amene adapanga kuchuluka kwa zitsulo ndi lamulo la mphamvu yokoka yeniyeni.
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi - Wopanga "Tusi duality" mu kayendedwe kake komanso kuwala kowala.

3. Uinjiniya ndi Ukadaulo

• Banu Musa ibn Shakir - Olemba Buku la Machenjerero Mu zipangizo zamakina.
• Al-Jazari - Wopanga mawotchi amadzi ndi mapampu a mercury.
• Taqi al-Din al-Rasid – Wopanga makina oyendera nthunzi ndi pampu ya masilinda awiri.

4. Sayansi ya Chemistry ndi Zipangizo

• Jabir ibn Hayyan (Nthawi yachiwiri chifukwa cha zopereka zake zambiri).
• Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Kufi - Wopanga njira zoyeretsera ndi kusungunula zinthu.
• Al-Muzaffar ibn Alawi - Wofufuza za aloyi agolide ndi siliva.

5. Kupenda zakuthambo ndi Kuyang'anitsitsa

• Al-Battani - Kuyeza bwino kwa chaka cha dzuwa ndi ngodya ya kupendekera.
• Abdul Rahman Al-Sufi – Wolemba Zithunzi za mapulaneti okhazikika.
• Omar Khayyam - Mainjiniya wa kalendala ya Jalali ndi chowerengera cha trigonometry chozungulira.
• Malo Owonera Zinthu ku Maragha Motsogozedwa ndi al-Tusi: Iye adapanga Muhyiddin al-Maghribi وQutb al-Din al-Shirazi.

6. Masamu ndi Malingaliro

• Alkhawarizmi - Woyambitsa algebra ndi ma algorithms.
• Thabit ibn Qurra - Womasulira wa Euclid ndi wopanga geometry yoyamba yowunikira.
• A Karaji - Putter Al-Fakhri mu Algebra.
• Jamshid al-Kashi - Kuzindikira π molondola kwambiri.

7. Afilosofi ndi oganiza bwino

• Al-Kindi - Choyamba kuphatikiza filosofi yachigiriki ndi vumbulutso.
• Al-Farabi - Wopanga "Utopia" ndi makwerero a sayansi.
• Ibn Sina - Kuphatikiza metaphysics ndi sayansi yachilengedwe.
• Abale a Chiyero - Zolemba zambiri zokhudza masamu ndi zauzimu.
• Ibn Bajjah، Ibn Tufayl، Ibn Rushd Atatu a Cordoba omwe adafotokoza Aristotle ndikukhazikitsa maziko a kulingalira kwa Andalusian.
• Shihab al-Din al-Suhrawardi – Wolemba buku lakuti “The Wisdom of Illumination”.
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (Chopereka cha filosofi chofanana ndi khama lake la sayansi).

8. Mabuku ndi Ndakatulo

• Abo Altaib Almotanabi – Wolemba ndakatulo wa ufulu wodzilamulira komanso wopanga nzeru zolankhula.
• Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri - Anali ndi chilakolako cha kukayikira za nzeru ndi ndakatulo za filosofi.
• Al-Bhuturi - Waluso pogwirizanitsa zithunzi zamaganizo ndi masomphenya a m'maganizo.
• Ibn al-Farid – Wolemba ndakatulo wa zochitika zachinsinsi zapadziko lonse.
• Omar Khayyam Ma quatrain ake omwe amasakaniza vinyo ndi manambala ndi kukhalapo.
• Mwana wa Zeydoun Ndakatulo yake ya chikondi ya ku Andalusia ndi chizindikiro cha kukongola kwa mgwirizano pakati pa malingaliro ndi nzeru.

9. Biology ndi Geography

• Al-Mas'udi Katswiri wa mbiri yakale komanso katswiri wa malo Minda ya Golide.
• Al-Idrisi - Mwiniwake wa mpira wa siliva ndi mapu a dziko lonse a anthu a ku Sicilian.

---

Ulusi umodzi wogwirizanitsa

Malinga ndi mwambo wa sukulu ya Alawite, Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq anali ulalo waukulu womwe njira yotsimikizira bwino komanso kuyesa kwasayansi idaperekedwera kwa mibadwo yotsatira. Motero, anthu onsewa—madokotala, akatswiri a zakuthambo, mainjiniya, afilosofi, ndi olemba ndakatulo—anaoneka ngati maulalo mu unyolo umodzi, dzina lake: nzeru ndi kuwala , zomwe zinauziridwa ndi chipata cha Ali ibn Abi Talib, kuunikira ngodya za chitukuko mpaka kumadera akutali kwambiri padziko lapansi.