1. Izimpande Zomlando

Ama-Alawite asuka emazweni ahlalwe izinkulungwane zeminyaka, kusukela eHadhramaut Plain eningizimu ye-Arabia kuya eziNtabeni zase-Antiochian enyakatho yeSiriya kanye naseziNtabeni zaseSinjar enyakatho ye-Iraq. Imvelaphi yawo—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ahlukene kangakanani ngokobuzwe—igxile kakhulu emasikweni aseSyria.

• Ikhalenda lesiSiriyaBathembele kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi “uNyaka Wokudalwa Komhlaba” waseSiriya, namuhla, ngo-2025 AD, ohambisana nonyaka ka-6775 ngokwale khalenda, futhi bagubha imicimbi yawo futhi baqophe izinsuku zabo phakathi kwamakhasi emibhalo yesandla.
• Ulimi kanye nokuphimiselaAbaningi babo bagcina ulimi lwesiSiriya nolwesi-Aramu olimini lwabo lwendabuko lwansuku zonke, oluwulimi olukhulunywa uJesu Kristu.

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Izimpande zamasiko zasendulo

• Impucuko yase-Ugarit (ERas Shamra, enyakatho yeSiriya), lapho kwatholakala khona izibhebhe ze-cuneiform ezindala kakhulu ezaziphathelene nonkulunkulu nemikhuba.
• IBhabhiloni kanye ne-Asiriya EMesopotamiya, ngezindaba zayo zokudalwa kanye nokubusa, imithetho yokuqala yasungulwa.
• IsiFenike Ogwini lwaseSiriya naseLebhanoni, lapho amaFenike ayevelele khona ekuqondiseni nasekusunguleni izinhlamvu zamagama.
• I-اليونانية القديمة Kusukela e-Athene, ogwini lwaseSiriya, kuya ogwini lwaseGibhithe e-Alexandria, lapho izazi zefilosofi ezifana noSocrates, uPlato, no-Aristotle zabeka khona izisekelo zokucabanga kanye nokucwaninga okunengqondo.

Ingxube yezinhlanga nezilimi

• Iningi lama-Alawi livela kuma-Alawite IsiSiriya Babekhuluma ulimi lwesiSyriac saseNtshonalanga, olwaziwa ngokuthi Ngesi-Aramu Amagama emizana yama-Alawite asesesiSyriac futhi awaveli kwezinye izilimi.
• Ezinye zemvelaphi IsiKurdi Kusuka esifundeni saseSinjar.
• Isigaba sesithathu se I-العرب AmaGhassanid, njengesazi sefilosofi u-Imad al-Din al-Ghassani, nabanye abahlala kulesi sifunda ngaphambi kwe-Islam, njengoJabalah ibn al-Ayham.

2. Indlela yesayensi ngobungcwele bayo

Ama-Alawi aphakamisa ifulege lize lifike ezingeni lokukhulekela:

• Iminyaka engu-1800I-physics, echaza amakhodi endawo yonke; i-chemistry, eveza izimfihlo zokusabela; izibalo, ezilawula imithetho yemvelo; kanye ne-astronomy, eqaphela ukunyakaza kwezinto zasezulwini…
• I-الفلسفة الوجوديةIbhekana nobudlelwano phakathi komuntu nendawo yonke kanye nokungabonakali, futhi inikeza ukubaluleka kokuzicabangela kanye nokuzicabangela ngengqondo.
  Abangcwelisi imibhalo yenkolo ngesimo sayo, kodwa kunalokho bahlola ukucabanga kwayo kanye nobuhlobo bayo nesayensi kanye neqiniso.

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3. Ubudlelwano namasiko

Babheka amasiko njengezinto ezingaphandle ezihambisana nengqikithi yokuqonda, hhayi ezithatha indawo yayo:

• Abanawo umthandazo weqembu ohleliwe.
• Amanzi, amakhandlela, noma umculo kungasetshenziswa njengezimpawu zokusiza ukugxila kwengqondo nangokomoya, kodwa azibhekwa njengeziphetho ngokwazo, kodwa zibhekwa njengendlela yokuphumula nokuzindla.

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4. Umoya wokubekezelelana nokuvuleleka

Inhlonipho yabo yayingagcini nje ngefa lamaGreki nelamaSiriya; bamukela nefilosofi enkulu:

• UbuZoroastrianism Ngobubili bokuhle nokubi,
• i-البوذية Emcabangweni wokungasebenzisi ubudlova nokuzindla,
• UbuHindu Emqondweni wobunye bokuba khona.

Bahlanganisa lolu lwazi nefa lika-Abrahama ukuze bakhe umbono ophelele womhlaba kanye nobuntu.
Babheka lonke ulwazi oluphucuzekile “njengokubonakaliswa kwentando yengqondo yomuntu” kanye “nendlela eya ekuqondeni okujulile kobunikazi nendawo yonke.”

1. Ukukholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa kanye nobunye bemiyalezo

Ama-Alawi afundisa ukuthi imiyalezo yasezulwini (ubuJuda, ubuKristu, kanye nobuSulumane) yonke ivela emthonjeni owodwa, okuwubizo luka-Abrahama lokukholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa.

• Ingqikithi yinyeUmyalezo oyinhloko ukukhulekelwa kukaNkulunkulu oyedwa, kanye nokuvinjelwa kobunkulunkulu obuningi kanye nokukhonza izithombe.
• Umehluko ungokwesikoAmaJuda ayahluka ekufundeni kwawo iTorah, amaKristu ayahluka emfihlakalweni yesidlo seNkosi kanye nesiphambano, kanye namaSulumane emithandazweni emihlanu yansuku zonke kanye nohambo lokuya ethempelini, kodwa konke lokho - ngokusho kwama-Alawites - akuthinti ingqikithi yokholo.

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2. Ukuma kwabo ngobuJuda

• Babona ngaphakathi I-Torah Incwadi yesiqondiso esiyinhloko eyadluliselwa ngezilimi zabaprofethi: uNowa, u-Abrahama, noMose, ukuthula makube kubo.
• Inhlonipho ephelele Umprofethi uMose ungumuntu obalulekile ekuhlanganiseni ubuJuda, futhi imibono yakhe ngobulungiswa nomthetho iyisikhuthazo.
• Bakholelwa ukuthi izincazelo ze-esoteric Ezinye izindaba kuTorah zihambisana nezifundo zefilosofi kanye nokucabanga, ngakho azivumelani nokuchazwa ngokoqobo kodwa zifuna ukuhlakanipha okujulile.

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3. Ukuma kwabo ngobuKristu

• Ama-Alawi ahlonishwa futhi angcwelisiwe Umesiya Bambheka njengomfanekiso wamandla aphezulu, futhi akekho omunye olingana nobungcwele bukaKristu phakathi kwama-Alawi.
• Ulimi lwesiSyriac Babaluleke kakhulu ngakho, ngoba uKristu wakukhuluma, futhi eminye imibhalo yeVangeli ifundwa emasikweni abo.
• Bayagubha UKhisimusi و Ukukhumbula abangcwele abanjengoSanta George noSanta Barbara Futhi izikhathi eziningi zobuKristu.

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4. Umbono wama-Alawite ngoMprofethi uMuhammad

• Babheka uMprofethi uMuhammad, uMthunywa we-Islam, njengokwelulwa kobuNkulunkulu bukaNkulunkulu oyedwa uqobo, hhayi umdali wemfundiso entsha, kodwa kunalokho ukuqedwa kwabaprofethi abangaphambi kwakhe.
• UMuhammad weza ikakhulukazi Kwabahedeni baseNhlonhlweni yase-ArabiaUlwazi lokukholelwa kuNkulunkulu oyedwa aluzange lufike kubo njengoba lwalufike eLevant.
• Baxhumanisa izimfundiso zakhe nezimfundiso zikaMose noJesu, futhi bachaza umehluko kwiSharia ngezimo zesikhathi nezendawo, hhayi ngezinto ezihlala zinjalo zokholo.

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5. Isiko vs. Ingqikithi

• amasiko enkolo (Umthandazo, ukuzila ukudla, njll.) Bazibona njengamathuluzi okusiza ukuxhumana noNkulunkulu, futhi abazibheki njengezingaphezu kokuhlakanipha okunengqondo.
• Ukwakheka kwengqondo Okubaluleke kakhulu: ukufunda okucabangayo, ucwaningo lwefilosofi, ukuxhumana okunengqondo phakathi kombhalo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo.
• Bayakwenqaba ukuvalela inkolo emikhubeni ehlelekile, futhi bagcizelela lokho Isayensi kanye nomcabango Ziyindlela eya olwazini lweqiniso.

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6. Ingxabano ingeyezepolitiki, hhayi eyenkolo.

Bachaza ukuthi ukungezwani kanye nokuhlukana okwenzeka phakathi kwabalandeli bezinkolo ezintathu kwakungeyona ingqikithi yokholo, kodwa kwakungewona umbango wezepolitiki kanye nowezenhlalo :

• Ukuphathwa kweziphathimandla
• Ukusatshalaliswa kwengcebo
• Izintshisekelo zezizwe kanye nezesizwe

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2. Isimiso senkululeko yokuzikhethela

• Ama-Alawi akholelwa ngokuqinile ukuthi Intando yomuntu ikhululekile.Umuntu ngamunye unefilosofi yakhe nendlela yakhe yokufuna ukukhanya kwaphezulu.
• Lokhu kuqiniseka kuvela ekuqondeni kwabo okujulile izimiso zobuNkulunkulu obunye kanye nencazelo yokuhlolwa, lapho kungafanele khona ukuthi umuntu acelwe ukuba enze into ephikisana nokukhetha kwakhe noma ukuba nenkolelo ethile ephoqelelwe kuye ngenkani.

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3. Ukuvinjelwa kokuphoqelela enkolweni

• Ama-Alawites acaphuna amazwi kaSomandla athi: “Akukho ukuphoqelelwa enkolweni” (Surat Al-Baqarah: 256).
• Bayichaza ngokomoya nangokwengqondo: ukuthi ukwamukela inkolo kwenzeka kuphela ngokwaneliseka kwangaphakathi nokuqonda okunengqondo, hhayi ngokulalela okusemthethweni ngaphansi kokusongelwa noma ukujeziswa.

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4. Ukuhlukaniswa kwenkolo nezombusazwe

• Ama-Alawi ahlukanisa phakathi Umsebenzi womlayezo Lapho abaprofethi benikwe umsebenzi wokubiza abantu ukuba bakhulekele, naphakathi Igunya lezepolitiki Okwathatha ukusebenza komshini wokunqoba ngemva kwesikhathi soMprofethi.
• Bakholelwa ukuthi ukusebenzisa inkolo njengesivikelo sokunqoba noma sokwandisa kwakuwukuphambuka emgomweni wokuqala: ukusabalalisa ukuthula nesihe.

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5. Izifundo Zezizukulwane Eziphakeme

Ilungelo lemiphakathi : ukulondoloza amasiko ayo, izilimi, nomlando, ngisho nasemkhakheni wokwakha izifundazwe ezinkulu.

Ukubekezelelana ngokwenkolo : Ukuhlonipha izinkolelo zabanye kanye nelungelo labo lokuzikhethela.

Indlela enengqondo : Ukwethula ubufakazi kanye nezimpikiswano ngaphambi kokuqinisekiswa nganoma yimuphi umqondo.

Ngokombono wama-Alawite, indaba ka-Ali ayiqali njengokhaliph noma isazi sezombusazwe, kodwa njengososayensi wezilimi, isazi sefilosofi, kanye nomehluleli ; indoda ehlanganise ukukhuluma kahle, ukucabanga, kanye nobulungiswa, futhi yakha iphrojekthi yobuhlakani eqhubeka nokukhanya kuze kube namuhla.

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1. Kusukela Ekukhulumeni Okuhle Kuya Efilosofini

U-Ali udunyiswa ngokwazi izimfihlo zolimi lwesi-Arabhu, njengoba nje u-Aristotle edunyiswa ngokwazi ukuqonda kwesiGreki. Izintshumayelo zakhe namazwi akhe asakazwa emibuthanweni yama-Alawite njengezibonelo zolimi ezifundisa indlela yokuguqula amagama abe amathuluzi okuvula izimfihlakalo zokuphila. Lolu thando lolimi, kuma-Alawite, lwaluyindlela eya kwifilosofi ejulile ebuza "incazelo yencazelo," hhayi nje incazelo engokoqobo yamagama.

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2. Isango Lomuzi Wolwazi

U-Ali ubizwa ngokuthi "iSango Lomuzi Wolwazi ," okusho ukuthi lonke uhambo oluya ekuhlakanipheni okungaziwa ludlula kuye. Kulesi simo, u-Ali uhlangana nomfanekiso womqondisi ohlakaniphile emasikweni aseSiriya naseGrisi: uphethe isibani solwazi ukuhola abafundi ebumnyameni bokudluliselwa ngokoqobo baye ekukhanyeni kobufakazi obunengqondo.

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3. Ukukhanya Nemfihlo

Ama-Alawi abheka u-Ali njengomphathi "wokukhanya okuphakade" okwandulela izinto. Lokhu kukhanya akusikho "isithunzi" ngomqondo wendabuko, kodwa kunalokho amandla okuqonda akwazi ukwembula ubudlelwano obufihliwe phakathi kwesintu nendawo yonke. Ngakho-ke, amasiko alandiswa ngokuzindla kwakhe ngokuhamba kwezindikimba zasezulwini kanye "nemfihlo yencwadi" exhumanisa ulimi nokuphila.

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4. Ukusungula imibuthano yokufunda kanye nezikole

Kanye namadodana akhe ayishumi nambili nabazukulu bakhe, wasungula inethiwekhi yemibuthano yokufunda yomphakathi kanye nezikole eziyimfihlo eKufa, eDamaseku nase-Aleppo. Lapho, kwafundiswa ifilosofi yamaGreki, kwaqoqwa imibhalo yesandla yesiSyria, kanti izibalo zaseNdiya zahlanganiswa nama-algorithms esi-Arabhu. Lezi zikole zakha isisekelo sokuchuma kwesayensi, okwaveza intuthuko kwezokwelapha, izinkanyezi kanye nobunjiniyela.

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5. Umahluleli olungile kanye nendlela yakhe yokucabanga enengqondo

Lapho ethatha isikhundla sokwahlulela, u-Ali wahlanganisa imibono yezomthetho yaseBabiloni nomoya wefilosofi yokuziphatha. Izinqumo zakhe zicashunwa ama-Alawi njengesibonelo sobulungiswa obuhlelekile : isahlulelo esingaphansi kwamandla ombusi noma izifiso zabantu abaningi, kodwa esimisweni esinengqondo esilandela imbangela kanye nezimpande zokungabi nabulungisa ukuze kuqedwe.

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6. Ukungawenzi amaphutha njengokuphelela kwengqondo

Umqondo wokungaphuthelwa lapha awukona nje ukuzivikela emaphutheni ngokomthetho; uwukuphelela ekhonweni lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwempikiswano yangempela namanga afihliwe. Ngakho-ke, u-Ali uvezwa njengesibonelo somuntu osebenzisa isizathu sokukhululeka, hhayi ukwamukela okungaboni, ngaleyo ndlela eqondisa abalandeli bakhe ekungabazeni okuhle ngaphambi kokukholwa.

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7. Ifa elidlula isikhathi

Indlela yakhe yaqhubeka nokucebisa izinhlangano zesayensi kuyo yonke iminyaka: abaphothule ezikoleni zama-Alawite baletha ukuqonda ezindlini zokuhlakanipha, bavusa inhlansi yeRenaissance, futhi kamuva basungula ingxoxo nefilosofi yesiLatini. Kuzo zonke izimo, u-Ali ubonakala njengophawu lwengqondo engavinjelwe yinoma yisiphi isikhathi noma isikole sokucabanga.

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Isikole samabanga aphezulu enkathini yegolide: inethiwekhi yolwazi eyacebisa yonke insimu

Isikole sama-Alawite—njengesandiso esiphezulu sesango eliya “eDolobheni Lolwazi” elavulwa ngu-Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib—sihlangana nefa elikhulu lobuhlakani elidlula imingcele yamahlelo kanye neyendawo. Okulandelayo isifinyezo esihlanganisiwe sabantu abavelele baleso sikhathi, njengoba silondolozwe emasikweni ama-Alawite, abahlelwe ngokwemikhakha yabo yobuchwepheshe, bephawula ukuthi babengabazukulu bama-Imam, abafundi babafundi babo, noma abaxhumene nobuhlakani babo ngendlela yabo enengqondo.

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1. Ezokwelapha kanye Nekhemisi

• UJabir ibn Hayyan – “Uyise wekhemistri” kanye nomsunguli we-toxicology kanye ne-anatomy yokuhlola.
• U-Ali ibn al-Abbas U-Ahwazi – Umnikazi Imboni yonke yezokwelapha.
• Abu Bakr al-Razi - Umsunguli wokuhlukaniswa kwezifo kanye nowokuqala ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-smallpox kanye ne-measles.
• Ibn Sina – I-Putter Umthetho Kwezokwelapha Futhi unjiniyela womqondo wokutheleleka.
• U-Al-Zahrawi - Iphayona ekuhlinzeni nasekuhlinzeni ngokunemba kwezinsimbi zokuhlinzwa.
• Ibn al-Nafis - Umtholi wokujikeleza kwegazi kwamaphaphu.

2. Ifiziksi kanye ne-Optics

• U-Al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham - Unjiniyela wendlela yokuhlola kanye nomnikazi Incwadi Yezinto Zokukhanya.
• U-Abu Rayhan al-Biruni - Lowo owakha ubuningi bezinsimbi kanye nomthetho wamandla adonsela phansi athile.
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi - Umdali we-"Tusi duality" ngokunyakaza okuhlobene kanye nokukhanya okukhanyayo.

3. Ubunjiniyela kanye nobuchwepheshe

• UBanu Musa ibn Shakir – Ababhali Incwadi Yamaqhinga Kumadivayisi emishini.
• I-Al-Jazari - Umklami wamawashi amanzi kanye namaphampu e-mercury.
• I-Taqi al-Din al-Rasid – Umsunguli we-turbine yomusi kanye nephampu yamasilinda amabili.

4. Isayensi Yekhemistri Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo

• UJabir ibn Hayyan (Okwesibili ngenxa yeminikelo yakhe eminingi).
• UMuhammad ibn Zakariya al-Kufi – Umthuthukisi wezinqubo zokuhluza kanye nokufaka i-alkali.
• U-Al-Muzaffar ibn Alawi - Umcwaningi wezinsimbi zegolide nesiliva.

5. Isayensi Yezinkanyezi Nokubuka

• I-Al-Battani - Ukulinganiswa okuthuthukisiwe konyaka welanga kanye ne-engeli yokuthambekela.
• U-Abdul Rahman Al-Sufi – Umbhali Izithombe zamaplanethi aqinile.
• U-Omar Khayyam - Unjiniyela wekhalenda likaJalali kanye ne-spherical trigonometry calculator.
• Indawo Yokubuka Izinto eMaragha Eholwa ngu-al-Tusi: Wakhiqiza Muhyiddin al-Maghribi وUQutb al-Din al-Shirazi.

6. Izibalo kanye neLogic

• Alkhawarizmi - Umsunguli we-algebra kanye nama-algorithms.
• UThabit ibn Qurra - Umhumushi we-Euclid kanye nonjiniyela we-geometry yokuqala yokuhlaziya.
• AmaKaraji – I-Putter I-Al-Fakhri ku-Algebra.
• UJamshid al-Kashi - Ukunquma i-π ngokunemba okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili.

7. Izazi zefilosofi kanye nabacabangi

• I-Al-Kindi - Okokuqala ukuhlanganisa ifilosofi yamaGreki nesambulo.
• I-Al-Farabi - Umdali we-"Utopia" kanye nesitebhisi sesayensi.
• Ibn Sina - Ukuhlanganisa i-metaphysics nesayensi yemvelo.
• Abazalwane Bobumsulwa – Izincwadi ezichaza izibalo kanye nengokomoya.
• U-Ibn Bajjah، U-Ibn Tufayl، Ibn Rushd Iqembu lesithathu laseCordoba elachaza u-Aristotle futhi labeka isisekelo sokuqonda izinto ngendlela yase-Andalusia.
• UShihab al-Din al-Suhrawardi – Umbhali wencwadi ethi “The Wisdom of Illumination”.
• Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (Umnikelo wefilosofi ohambisana nomzamo wakhe wesayensi).

8. Izincwadi Nezinkondlo

• Abo Altaib Almotanabi – Imbongi yobuntu obukhululekile kanye nomenzi wokuhlakanipha kobuciko bokukhuluma.
• U-Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri - Wayethambekele ekungabazeni ngokwengqondo nasezinkondlweni zefilosofi.
• Al-Bahturi - Unekhono lokuxhumanisa izithombe zemizwa nombono wengqondo.
• U-Ibn al-Farid – Imbongi yesipiliyoni semfihlakalo esijwayelekile.
• U-Omar Khayyam Ama-quatrain akhe ahlanganisa iwayini nezinombolo kanye nokuphila.
• Indodana kaZeydoun Inkondlo yakhe yothando yase-Andalusia iwuphawu lobuhle bokulinganisela phakathi kwemizwa nengqondo.

9. Ibhayoloji kanye neJografi

• I-Al-Mas'udi Isazi-mlando kanye nesazi sendawo Amadlelo Egolide.
• I-Al-Idrisi - Umnikazi webhola lesiliva kanye nemephu yomhlaba yabantu baseSicilian.

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Intambo eyodwa ehlanganisayo

Ngokwesiko lesikole sama-Alawite, u-Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq wayeyisixhumanisi esikhulu lapho indlela yobufakazi obunengqondo kanye nokuhlolwa kwesayensi kwadluliselwa khona ezizukulwaneni ezalandela. Ngakho-ke, bonke laba bantu—odokotela, izazi zezinkanyezi, onjiniyela, izazi zefilosofi, kanye nezimbongi—bavela njengezixhumanisi eketangeni elilodwa, isihloko salo: ingqondo nokukhanya , okwaphefumulelwa yisango lika-Ali ibn Abi Talib, okukhanyisa amakhona empucuko kuze kufike ezindaweni ezikude zomhlaba.